Pharmaceutical compositions

ABSTRACT

Valuable pharmaceutical properties of flavylium salts are described, including anti-inflammatory, vaso-protective, hypolipaemic, hypocholesterolaemic and hypoglycaemic activity. The use of flavylium salts as drugs and the production of pharmaceutical compositions containing them is particularly referred to.

This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and processes for their preparation.

Anthocyanidines are a group of known polyphenolic substances. These products, which more precisely are flavylium salts, as well as being preparable by total chemical synthesis, may be obtained by hydrolysis of their glycosides which are widely distributed in nature. These glycosides, and particularly the glucosides, are known as anthocyanins and are present in the fruits of the bilberry, vine, elder, current, bramble and raspberry.

We have now found that a class of flavylium salts which includes both the anthocyanidines which can be prepared by hydrolysing naturally-occurring anthocyanins and synthetic analogues thereof are endowed with remarkable cicatrising and epithelium-regenerating properties which render them particularly useful in the treatment of cutaneous wounds, topid sores, and external and internal ulcers. Also the flavylium salts have been found to possess distinct anti-inflammatory, vaso-protective, hypolipaemic, hypocholesterolaemic and hypoglycaemic activities.

According to the present invention there are provided pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier and as active ingredient a flavylium salt having the formula ##STR1## wherein each Y, which may be the same or different represents --OH or --OR wherein R is an alkyl group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, m is 0 or an integer from 1 to 6 and n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5, the sum of m and n being from 1 to 11 and X is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.

The flavylium salts used in the compositions according to the invention frequently have extremely low toxicities which renders them particularly useful for prolonged treatments.

Clinically, the flavylium salts may be administered singly or in the form of mixtures with one another, in the pure state or in the form of crude or partially purified extracts, for example extracts of the crude product obtained by hydrolysis of naturally-occurring mixtures of anthocyanins. Preferably at least a portion of extracted materials other than the anthocyanidines are eliminated from the extracts.

Conveniently, since they may be obtained readily by hydrolysis of glycosides contained in common fruit the flavylium salts used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are anthocyanidines selected from cyanidine, peonidine, delphinidine, petunidine, malvidine and pelargonidine which may be represented by the following formula: ##STR2## wherein: R¹ =R² =-OH and R³ =H (cyanidine)

R¹ =-OMe, R² =-OH and R³ =H (peonidine)

R¹ -R² =R³ =OH (delphinidine)

R¹ =OMe and R² =R² =R³ =OH (petunidine)

R¹ -R³ =-OMe and R² =-OH (malvidine)

R² =-OH and R¹ =R³ =H (pelargonidine)

Particular classes of pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention are those containing salts having the following formulae: ##STR3##

In the above formulae the group ##STR4## preferably has one of the following structure ##STR5##

Thus a further preferred class of compounds according to the invention are those having the following formulae: ##STR6##

The groups Y in the above formulae are preferably selected from H, OH and OMe.

Thus if the flavylium compounds are represented by the formula

    A.sup.+ ---B

wherein

A⁺ represents the group ##STR7## and B represents ##STR8## the group A⁺ is preferably selected from ##STR9## and the group B is preferably selected from ##STR10##

The flavylium compounds may be associated with any pharmaceutically acceptable anion X⁻, e.g. chloride, sulphate, phosphate, acetate, hydroxyl etc.

A particularly preferred class of compounds are those in which at least one of the 3, 5 and 7 positions is unsubstituted.

Flavylium salts suitable for incorporation into pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be prepared by known procedures, for example by the condensation reactions reported by A. Robertson and R. Robertson, J. Chem. Soc. 1526, 1928; A. Robertson, R. Robinson and J. Sugiura, J. Chem. Soc. 1533, 1928; S. Murakami and R. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc. 1537, 1928; W. Bradley and R. Robertson J. Chem. Soc. 1541, 1928.

More specifically, flavylium salts of formula I substituted in the 3-position may be prepared by condensing salicylaldehyde or a derivative thereof of formula ##STR11## with omega-acyloxy-acetophenone or a derivative thereof of formula ##STR12## wherein Y, m and n are as defined above and Ac is an acyl radical.

Similarly, flavylium salts of formula I unsubstituted in the 3-position may be prepared by condensing salicylaldehyde or a derivative thereof of formula II defined above with acetophenone or a derivative thereof of formula IV ##STR13## wherein Y and n are as defined above. If desired, any hydroxyl groups representing the groups Y which are likely to interfere with the reactions may be protected and subsequently converted to free hydroxyl groups in a manner known per se.

Thus the production of 3-hydroxyflavylium chloride and 7-hydroxyflavylium chloride are depicted in the following schemes: ##STR14##

The above condensation reactions are generally carried out in the presence of a strong mineral acid and the immediate products are the salts of these acids. The salts may be converted to salt of other acids by conventional procedures.

Alternatively, where appropriate, pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be prepared by extracting an anthocyanin from a plant tissue, hydrolysing the anthocyanin to form an anthocyanidine, purifying the anthocyanidine and admixing the anthocyanidine with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

The particular galenic form of the compositions of the invention depends on the intended route of administration and the condition to be treated and such forms may be amorphous or in the form of shaped dosage units. Examples include sterile liquids suitable for parenteral administration, forms suitable for oral administration (e.g. tablets, capsules, solutions or suspensions); forms suitable for insertion into a body cavity (e.g. anal or vaginal suppositories); forms suitable for topical administration (e.g. ointments, creams, gels and aqueous solutions or suspensions) and dentifrices.

In formulating compositions according to the invention, a wide range of excipients may be used, the nature of which will depend, of course, on the intended mode of application of the composition. Examples include preservatives and buffering, thickening, suspending, stabilising, wetting, emulsifying, colouring and flavouring agents and in particular carboxy vinyl polymers, propylene glycol, ethyl alcohol, water, cetyl alcohol, saturated vegetable triglycerides, fatty acid esters or propylene glycol, triethanolamine, glycerol, starch, sorbitol, bentonite, carboxymethyl cellulose, laurylsulphate, dicalcium phosphate, powdered silicia, lecithin etc.

Frequently, more than one diluent or carrier is advantageously used.

The compositions of the invention have been found to be particularly useful in the treatment of wounds, gastric and duodenal ulcers, inflammatory conditions of the mouth and throat, pathogenic conditions of the vascular system and disorders caused by impaired lipidic and glycidic metabolism.

This invention also includes a process for producing the compounds defined above which comprises bringing a compound of formula (I) into a form suitable for pharmaceutical administration, for example by admixing the active ingredient with one or more excipients and/or conversion to one of the galenic forms referred to above.

The invention also provides a method of eliciting a cicatrising, epithelium-regenerating, anti-inflammatory, vasoprotective, hypolipaemic, hypocholesterolaemic or hypoglycaemic response in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject an effective dose of a flavylium salt of formula I, preferably from 1 to 100 mg/kg and most preferably 5 to 50 mg/kg per day.

The compositions according to the invention preferably contain at least 0.2% and most preferably at least 0.5% by weight of flavylium salt of formula I. More concentrated compositions are preferred for internal (i.e. enteral or parenteral) administration, particularly those containing at least 1% and more particularly at least 5% by weight of flavylium salt. The compositions may be administered at a daily dosage rate of from 1 to 100 mg/kg, preferably 5 to 50 mg/kg of flavylium salts.

The following Preparations illustrate the production of substituted flavylium compounds of formula I which may be used as active ingredients in the production of pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention.

Preparation 1-4'-Hydroxyflavylium chloride

122 g of Salicylaldehyde and 136 g of 4-hydroxy-acetophenone were dissolved in a four-necked one-liter flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer and containing 400 ml of anhydrous ethyl acetate. Under agitation and at room temperature, a stream of dry hydrochloric acid was passed into the solution in such manner that saturation was completed in the course of one hour. The mixture was left under agitation for 24 hours, during which precipitation of the reaction product began. Filtration was carried out, the product dried at 40° C. in the presence of KOH and recrystallisation carried out twice from methanol. There were obtained 179 g of 4'-hydroxyflavylium chloride.

Molecular ion of the corresponding quinoline silyl derivative: M/e 293.

Found: C, 68.99; H, 4.54; Cl, 12.92. C₁₅ H₁₁ ClO₂ requires: C, 69.64; H, 4.29; Cl, 13.70.

Preparation 2-3,7-Dihydroxyflavylium chloride

79 g of 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde were dissolved at room temperature in 800 ml of anhydrous ethyl acetate and 106 g of omega-acetoxyacetophenone were added to the solution. The reaction mixture was brought to 0° C. under agitation and gaseous hydrochloric acid added to saturation. After standing for 24 hours at room temperature, crystallisation of the product began and it was filtered and dried at 40° C. in the presence of NaOH. There were obtained 95 g of 3,7-dihydroxyflavilium chloride.

Molecular ion of the corresponding quinoline silyl derivative: m/e 381.

Found: C, 64.72; H, 4.19; Cl, 11.83. C₁₅ H₁₁ ClO₃ requires: C, 65.59; H, 4.04; Cl, 12.91.

Preparation 3-3-Hydroxyflavylium chloride

88 g of salicylaldehyde were dissolved in 300 ml of anhydrous ethyl acetate together with 132 g of omega-acetoxyacethophenone. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and saturation with gaseous HCl commenced, which took about one hour. The mixture was then left at 4° C. for 48 hours and the crystallised solid filtered off, this consisting of 106 g of 3-hydroxyflavylium chloride.

Molecular ion of the corresponding quinoline silyl derivative: m/e 293.

Found: C, 68.72; H, 4.17; Cl, 12.86. C₁₅ H₁₁ ClO₂ requires: C, 69.64; H, 4.29; Cl, 13.70.

Preparation 4-3,4'-dihydroxyflavylium chloride

23.2 g of salicylaldehyde and 45 g of omega-acetoxy-(4-acetoxy)-acetophenone were dissolved in 300 ml of anhydrous ethyl acetate. The solution was cooled to -5° C., saturated with gaseous hydrochloric acid and left at 4° C. for 48 hours. 35.1 g of crystallised product constituted by 3,4'-dihydroxyflavylium chloride was filtered off.

Molecular ion of the corresponding quinoline silyl derivative: m/e 381

Found: C, 63.82; H, 3.97; Cl, 11.84. C₁₅ H₁₁ ClO₃ requires: C, 65.59; H, 4.04; Cl, 12.91.

Preparation 5-3,5,7-Trihydroxy-3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavylium chloride

A solution containing 70 g of (2-0-benzoyl-)2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde and 95 g of (omega-acetoxy)-3,4,5-trimethoxyacetophenone in 1600 ml of anhydrous ethyl acetate was saturated at room temperature with gaseous HCl. On standing at room temperature, 104 g of product were filtered off after 24 hours and this was redissolved in 5.5 l of methanol and 680 ml of concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid added. The mixture was left under reflux for 12 hours. It was then cooled and concentrated under vacuum until crystallisation began. After standing at 4° C. for 24 hours, filtration was carried out, the product washed with 200 ml of acetone and dried. There were obtained 76 g of the title compound.

Molecular ion of the corresponding quinoline silyl derivative: m/e 559.

Found: C, 55.83; H, 4.32; Cl, 8.96. C₁₈ H₁₇ ClO₇ requires: C, 56.78; H, 4.50; Cl, 9.31.

Preparation 6-3,7,4'-Trihydroxyflavylium chloride

96.6 of 4-hydroxy-omega-acetoxyacetophenone and 65.7 g of 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde dissolved in 1 liter of anhydrous ethyl acetate were saturated at room temperature with gaseous HCl. The solution was left under agitation for three hours at room temperature and then at 4° C. for twelve hours. The crystallised solid was then filtered off. There were obtained 142 g of 3,7,4'-trihydroxyflavylium chloride.

Molecular ion of the corresponding quinoline silyl derivative: m/e 469.

Found: C, 59.73; H, 3.96; Cl, 11.74. C₁₅ H₁₁ O₄ Cl requires: C, 61.98; H, 3.81; Cl, 12.20.

Preparation 7-3,5,7-trihydroxyflavylium chloride

240 g of (2-0-benzoyl)-2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde and 178 g of omega-acetoxyacetophenone were dissolved in 3 liters of anhydrous ethyl acetate. Under agitation, HCl was bubbled in to saturation. The solution was left to stand for 24 hours and yielded 175 g of crystallised product, which was redissolved in 7 liters of methyl alcohol containing 430 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The solution obtained was refluxed for 20 hours, then concentrated until crystallisation begins and left for 24 hours at 4° C. The 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavylium chloride obtained weighed 98 g.

Molecular ion of the corresponding quinoline silyl derivative: m/e 469.

Found: C, 62.31; H, 3.69; Cl, 11.91. C₁₅ H₁₁ O₄ Cl requires: C, 61.98; H, 3.81; Cl, 12.20.

The following Examples illustrate the production flavylium salts by hydrolysis of anthocyanins (Examples 1 and 2) and Example 3 illustrates the production of pelargonidine by a synthetic method.

Example 1-Preparation of anthocyanidines from elder anthocyanins (A) Extraction from elder

13.5 kg of fresh ripe elder fruits were extracted at room temperature with anydrous methanol containing 1% of hydrochloric acid. The extracts were concentrated in vacuo to small volume and an aqueous solution of 30% of neutral lead acetate added with agitation. An abundant precipitate was obtained which was filtered and washed with water. 200 g. of crude lead salts were obtained which were then suspended with agitation in 600 ml of anhydrous methanol containing hydrochloric acid, agitated at room temperature and the insoluble material eliminated by filtration.

The methanolic solution was then concentrated in vacuo at low temperature to small volume and subsequently poured with agitation into ether. The precipitate was filtered and dried in vacuo at room temperature. 30 g. of glucosides were obtained, equivalent to 15% cyanidine.

(B) Formation of crude cyanidine

30 g. of glucosides equivalent to 15% cyanidine were dissolved in a mixture constituted by methanol and concentrated hydrochloric acid in the ratio 8:2. Heating was effected under reflux for 3 hours. The solution was then diluted with water and concentrated in vacuo until complete elimination of the methanol. A precipitate was obtained which was filtered and washed with water. After drying, 6 g. of crude hydrolysate was obtained containing 20% cyanidine.

(C) Purification of the cyanidine

The crude 20% cyanidine was purified by chromatography on Sephadex LH 20, eluting with 95% ethanol containing 1% of concentrated hydrochloric acid.

Although anthocyanidines for incorporation in pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention are most conveniently prepared by hydrolysis of fruit anthocyanins (anthocyanosides), for example as described above, they may also be obtained synthetically by reduction of quercetin and its derivatives or rutin (L. Bauer, Chem. and Ind. 1954, 433-4; H. G. C. King, J. Chem. Soc. 1957, 3901-3). Other methods reported in literature enable cyanidine to be obtained from epicatechin pentaacetate (A. K. Ganguli et altri Proc. Indian Aca. Sci., 46A, 25-8, 1957) and from catechin and its derivatives (J. Lavollary, Compt. Rend. 217, 86-8, 1943; H. Apple J. Chem. Soc. 1935, 426-9).

Moreover cyanidine can be obtained by acid hydrolysis of oligomers (polymers of low molecular weight, generally dimers) of catechins (T. A. Geissman and H. F. K. Dittmar Phytochemistry, 1965, vol. 4 pp 359-368).

Example 2-Preparation of anthocyanidines from bilberry

Using the procedure used in Example 1, an extract was obtained rich in anthocyanosides equivalent to not less than 25% in total anthocyanidines (malvidine, delphinidine, cyanidine, peonidine and petunidine).

Subsequently the extract was hydrolysed and the anthocyanidines are purified by the following procedure.

The anthocyanosides were dissolved in a mixture of methanol and concentrated hydrochloric acid in the ratio 8:2, and hydrolysed by means of boiling under reflux for 3 hours. The precipitate formed was cooled and filtered. The liquid was then concentrated in vacuo to eliminate all the methanol, and four extractions with isoamyl alcohol were effected on the concentrate. The reunited isoamyl extracts were concentrated in vacuo and precipitated with agitation in ethyl ether. After filtration and drying, anthocyanidines at 50-60 percent were obtained.

Example 3 Synthesis of Pelargonidine Chloride

24 g of 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde 2-0-benzoate were dissolved by warming in 500 ml of ethyl acetate and 20 g of p-hydroxyacetoxyacetophenone added. Gaseous hydrochloric acid was introduced to saturation and the mixture kept at room temperature overnight. The obtained solid was then dissolved in 3 liters of methanol, 150 ml of conc. aqueous HCl added and the mixture boiled under reflux for 6 hours. The product was then evaporated under vacuum to 250 ml and allowed to crystallise at 4° C. Yield 14 g of pelargonidine chloride.

The following experimental data illustrates the pharmacological properties of representative examples of flavylium salts which may be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention.

(1) Hyperlipaemia induced by olive oil

Hyperlipaemia was induced in rats which had been fasted for 16 hours by administering olive oil 3 hours prior to sacrifice, at a dose of 2 ml/hg orally.

The substances under test were administered either intraperitoneally (i.p) or orally (os) one hour prior to sacrificing the rats in the experiments reported in Tables 1 to 4 and 2 hours prior to sacrificing the rats in the experiments reported in Table 5. The concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and triglycerides in the blood plasma were determined for the experimental subjects and for control rats to which had been administered 0.9% sodium chloride. The results of these tests are given in the following Tables 1 to 5.

                                      TABLE 1                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Effect upon hyperlipaemia induded by olive oil in male                         Morini rats of mean weight 180g                                                                     Number                                                                  Dose   of   NEFA    Triglycerides                                TREATMENT     mg/kg (i.p.)                                                                          animals                                                                             μEq/l                                                                               mg/100 ml                                    __________________________________________________________________________     A Controls 0.9% NaCl                                                                         --     6    648.24 ± 66.06                                                                      186.90 ± 9.51                               0.5 ml/hg                                                                    B 3,4-dihydorxyflavylium                                                                     25     6    480.15 ± 47.16                                                                      52.63 ± 4.58*                               chloride                (-26.0)  (-71.8)                                     C 3-hydroxyflavylium                                                                         25     6    549.89 ± 47.70                                                                      109.16 ± 25.66**                            chloride                (-15.2)  (-41.6)                                     D 3,7-dihydroxyflavylium                                                                     25     6    523.07 ± 26.86                                                                      61.88 ± 9.23*                               chloride                (-20.0)  (-66.9)                                     __________________________________________________________________________      *Significantly different (p < 0.01) from the mean obtained from group A        according to Student's "t" test                                                **Significantly different (p < 0.05) from the mean obtained from group A       according to Student's "t" test                                                Note: In parentheses, the percentage difference from the controls.       

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         Effect upon hyperlipaemia induced by olive oil in                              male Morini rats of mean weight 170g                                                          Dose                                                                           mg/kg   NEFA       Triglycerides                                TREATMENT      (os)    μEq/l   mg/100ml                                     ______________________________________                                         A Controls 0.9% NaCl                                                                          --      914.7 ± 32.0                                                                           353.6 ± 29.2                               1 ml/hg                                                                       B 5,7-dihydroxyflavylium                                                                      100     696.2 ± 24.2*                                                                          237.5 ± 20.3*                              chloride               (-23.9)    (-32.8)                                     ______________________________________                                          *Significantly different (p < 0.01) from the mean obtained from group A        according to Student's "t" test.                                               Note: In parentheses, the percentage difference from the controls.       

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         Effect upon hyperlipaemia induced by olive oil in                              male Morini rats of mean weight 170g.                                                         Dose                                                                           mg/kg   NEFA       Triglycerides                                TREATMENT      (i.p.)  μEq/l   mg/100ml                                     ______________________________________                                         A Controls 0.9% NaCl                                                                          --      1106.3 ± 32.9                                                                          255.6 ± 15.2                               0.5 ml/hg                                                                     B 5,7-dihydroxyflavylium                                                                      25      625.5 ± 12.5*                                                                          68.2 ± 9.2*                                chloride               (-43.5)    (-43.5)                                     ______________________________________                                          *Significantly different (p < 0.01) from the mean obtained from group A        according to Student's "t" test                                                Note: In parentheses, the percentage difference from the controls.       

                                      TABLE 4                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Effect upon hyperlipaemia induced by olive oil in male                         Wistar and Morini rats of mean weight 175g                                                         Number                                                                  Dose   of   NEFA   Triglycerides                                  TREATMENT    mg/kg (i.p.)                                                                          Animals                                                                             μEq/l                                                                              mg/100ml                                       __________________________________________________________________________     A Controls 0.9% NaCl                                                                        --      9   1064.4 ± 39.6                                                                      368.35 ± 41.6                                 0.5 mg/hg                                                                    B Trihydroxy trimethoxy                                                                     25     25   683.2 ± 13.5*                                                                      75.2 ± 20.3*                                  flavylium chloride      (-35.8)                                                                               (-79.6)                                         644 RF                                                                       __________________________________________________________________________      *Significantly different (p < 0.01) from the mean obtained from group A        according to Student's "t" test.                                               Note: In parentheses, the percentage difference from the controls.       

                                      TABLE 5                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Effect upon hyperlipaemia induced by olive oil in                              male Wistar and Morini rats of mean weight 175g                                                    Number                                                                  Dose   of   NEFA    Triglycerides                                 TREATMENT    mg/kg (os)                                                                            Animals                                                                             μEq/l                                                                               mg/100ml                                      __________________________________________________________________________     A Controls 0.9% NaCl                                                                        --     8    1056.5 ± 29.3                                                                       312.8 ± 33.6                                 1 ml/hg                                                                      B 5,7-dihydroxy                                                                             100    8    775.4 ± 20.7*                                                                       123.9 ± 11.1*                                flavylium chloride      (-26.6)                                                                                (-60.4)                                        628RF                                                                        C Trihydroxy trimethoxy                                                                     100    9    903.8 ± 30.0*.sup.o                                                                 173.9 ± 17.7*.sup.o                          flavylium chloride      (-14.5)                                                                                (-44.4)                                        644RF                                                                        __________________________________________________________________________      *Significantly different (p < 0.05) from the mean obtained from group A        according to Student's "t" test.                                               .sup.o Significantly different (p < 0.05) from the mean obtained from          group B according to Student's "t" test.                                       Note: In parentheses, the percentage difference from the controls.       

(2) Hyperlipaemia induced by Triton WR 1339

Hyperlipaemia was induced by intravenous administration of 225 mg/kg of Triton WR 1339 in male Sprague-Dawley and C. River rats of mean weight 200 g 8 hours prior to sacrifice.

The substances under test were injected intraperitoneally twice: the first administration immediately after the Triton and the second 4 hours later.

The results of the tests are given in the following Table 6.

                                      TABLE 6                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Effect upon hyperlipaemia induced by Triton WR 1339                                          Dose                                                                           mg/kg                                                                              Number                                                                     twice                                                                              of   NEFA   Triglycerides                                    TREATMENT     daily                                                                              Animals                                                                             μEq/l                                                                              mg/100ml                                         __________________________________________________________________________     A Controls 0.9% NaCl                                                                         --  12   650.5 ± 29.6                                                                       170.0 ± 4.9                                     0.5 ml/hg                                                                    B 5,7-dihydroxyflavylium                                                                     50  12   480.3 ± 33.4*                                                                      163.8 ± 5.5                                     chloride 628 RF       (-26.2)                                                                               (-3.6)                                          C Trihydroxy trimethoxy                                                                      50  12   437.7 ± 33.8*                                                                      141.7 ± 3.7*.sup.b                              flavylium chloride    (-32.7)                                                                               (-16.6)                                           644 RF                                                                       __________________________________________________________________________      *Significantly different (p < 0.05) from the mean obtained from group A        according to Student's "t" test.                                               .sup.b Significantly different (p < 0.05) from the mean obtained from          group B according to Student's "t" test.                                       Note: In parentheses, the percentage difference from the controls.       

The following experimental data illustrates the pharmacological properties of anthocyanidines:

I. Anti-ulcer activity-Shay's ulcer in the rat

In Shay's ulcer in the rat, the oral administration of bilberry anthocyanidines at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg five times, at 48, 33, 22 and 9 hours prior to the ligature of the pylorus and 1 hour after the operation, was found to diminish the ulcer index observed with the controls, by 28 and 39 percent respectively. (See Table 7).

                                      TABLE 7                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Anti-ulcer activity - Shay's gastric ulcer in the rat                                                                           Number                                Dose                                                                               Number                        Variation of                                                                          non-                                  mg/kg                                                                              of   Number of ulcers of each class (2)                                                                  Ulcer                                                                              Ulcer Index                                                                           ulcerated                     TREATMENT                                                                              (1) animals                                                                             I    II  III IV  V   Index                                                                              (3)    stomachs                      __________________________________________________________________________     Controls                                                                               --  19   295(295)                                                                            44(220)                                                                            15(150)                                                                            2(40)                                                                              17(340)                                                                            55  --     --                            (water)                                                                        Bilberry                                                                               25  18   100(100)                                                                            20(100)                                                                            13(130)                                                                            9(180)                                                                             10(200)                                                                            39.5                                                                               -28    11                            anthocyanidines                                                                        50  18   271(271)                                                                            21(105)                                                                             7(70)                                                                             3(60)                                                                               5(100)                                                                            33.6                                                                               -39     5                            __________________________________________________________________________      (1) Doses administered orally 5 times, 48, 33, 22 and 9 hours prior to         ligature of the pylorus and 1 hour after                                       (2) In parentheses, the product of the number of the ulcers and the value      of the individual classes according to the evaluation criterion of             Keyrilainen T. O. and Paasonen M. K. (Acta Pharmacol. et Toxicol. 13, 22,      1957)                                                                          (3) Percentage reduction compared with controls                          

II. Activity upon lipidic metabolism

(1) Hyperlipaemia induced by olive oil

Hyperlipaemia was induced by orally administering olive oil to male Sprague-Dawley rats of mean weight of 165 g. which had been fasted for 16 hours. The administration of olive oil was effected 3 hours prior to sacrifice, at a dose of 2 ml/kg orally.

Bilberry anthocyanidines and cyanidine obtained from elder fruit were administered intraperitoneally 1 hour prior to the administration of the olive oil in equal strength doses dissolved in 0.5 ml/kg of physiological solution. Table 8 shows that the bilberry anthocyanidines significantly diminish the free fatty acids and the triglycerides respectively by 36.60 and 86% in comparison with the controls, and that the cyanidine obtained from elder diminishes the free fatty acids and the triglycerides respectively by 32.70 and 67.90%, again in comparison with the controls.

(2) Hyperlipaemia induced by Triton WR 1339

Hyperlipaemia was induced by intravenous administration of 225 mg/kg, 0.5 ml/kg of Triton WR 1339 dissolved in physiological solution, in male Sprague-Dawley rats of mean weight 210 g. which had been fasted for 24 hours, 8 hours prior to sacrifice.

The substances under test were injected intraperitoneally twice: the first administration simultaneously with the Triton and the second 4 hours later, in equal-strength doses dissolved in 0.5 ml/kg of physiological solution.

From Table 3 it can be seen that bilberry anthocyanidines significantly diminish the plasma triglycerides and cholesterol respectively to 29.56 and 16.03% in comparison with the controls and that elder cyanidine diminishes these lipids by 23.65 and 16.67% respectively, again in comparison with the controls.

                                      TABLE 8                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Effect upon hyperlipaemia induced by olive oil                                                  Number                                                                     Dose                                                                               of   NEFA*   Triglycerides                                    TREATMENT    mg/kg                                                                              animals                                                                             μEq/l                                                                               mg/100ml                                         __________________________________________________________________________     A Controls   --  16   1013.22 ± 44.30                                                                     384.52 ± 42.34                                B 58% anthocyanidines                                                                       43.1                                                                               16   642.33 ± 27.44.sup.o                                                                53.73 ± 6.24.sup.o                              from bilberry        (-36.60)                                                                               (-86.00)                                        C 32% cyanidine                                                                             72.12                                                                              16   681.73 ± 25.21.sup.o                                                                123.62 ± 36.68.sup.o                            from elder           (-32.70)                                                                               (-67.90)                                        __________________________________________________________________________      *Non-esterified fatty acids                                                    .sup.o Significantly different (p < 0.001) from the mean obtained from         group A according to Student's "t" test                                        Note: In parentheses, the percentage difference from the controls.       

                                      TABLE 9                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Effect upon hyperlipaemia induced by Triton WR 1339                                           Number                                                                    Dose of   Triglycerides                                                                           Total cholesterol                                 TREATMENT mg/kg                                                                               animals                                                                             mg/100ml mg/100ml                                          __________________________________________________________________________     A Controls                                                                               --   8    621.56 ± 36.87                                                                       189.93 ± 11.76                                 B 58% Antho-                                                                             21.5 × 2                                                                      8    437.85 ± 26.01.sup.oo                                                                159.50 ± 3.20.sup.o                              cyanidines         (-29.56)                                                                                (-16.03)                                           from bilberry                                                                C 32% cyanidine                                                                          36.6 × 2                                                                      8    474.59 ± 38.06.sup.o                                                                 158.28 ± 6.58.sup.o                              from elder         (-23.65)                                                                                (-16.67)                                         __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.o Significantly different (p < 0.05) from the mean obtained with the      controls according to Student's "t" test                                       .sup.oo Significantly different (p < 0.01) from the mean obtained with th      controls according to Student's "t" test                                       Note: In parentheses the percentage difference from the controls         

III. Activity upon capillary permeability

The action upon capillary permeability was studied on Sprague-Dawley rats of mean weight of 220 g. which had been fasted 18 hours prior to the experiment according to the method of Ankier and West; Brit. J. Pharmacol. 33, 304, 1968. From Table 4 it can be seen that bilberry anthocyanidines administered experimentally by intraperitoneal route at doses of 9, 18 and 36 mg/kg give a significant diminution of the capillary permeability respectively by 12; 25.2 and 55.4% in comparison with the controls.

Table 11 shows the experimental data obtained by oral treatment with bilberry anthocyanidines. The produce was administered experimentally in two doses and specifically at 36 and 72 mg/kg, and gave a significant inhibition of the capillary permeability of 24.6 and 44.4% in comparison with controls.

                  TABLE 10                                                         ______________________________________                                         Capillary permeability induced by bradykinin in the rat                        TREATMENT          Evans Blue   Inhibition                                     mg/kg              μg        percent                                        ______________________________________                                         Controls 0.5 ml/hg     16.87 ± 0.20                                                                           --                                           0.9% NaCl                                                                      70% antho-                                                                               9            14.85 ± 0.20.sup.o                                                                     12                                           cyanidines                                                                              18            12.63 ± 0.10.sup.o                                                                     25.2                                         from bilberry                                                                           36             7.54 ± 0.30.sup.o                                                                     55.4                                         ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          Bradykinin 2 μg/0.1 ml injected intradermally at 3 points into the          depilated abdominal zone of each rat                                           Treatment with the substances under examination 30 minutes prior to the        bradykinin                                                                     Sacrifice 30 minutes after the bradykinin                                      .sup.o Significantly different (p < 0.01) from the mean obtained with the      controls according to Student's "t" test                                 

                  TABLE 11                                                         ______________________________________                                         Capillary permeability induced by bradykinin in the rat                        TREATMENT          Evans Blue Inhibition                                       mg/kg              μg      percent                                          ______________________________________                                         Controls (H.sub.2 O)                                                                       1 ml/hg    15.50 ± 0.54                                                                           --                                           70% antho-  36         11.70 ± 0.51.sup.o                                                                     24.6                                         cyanidines                                                                     from bilberry                                                                              72          8.60 ± 0.58.sup.o                                                                     44.4                                         ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          Bradykinin 2 μg/0.1 ml injected intradermally at 3 points of the            depilated abdominal zone of each rat                                           Treatment with the substances under examination 60 minutes prior to the        bradykinin                                                                     Sacrifice 30 minutes after the bradykinin                                      .sup.o Significantly different (p < 0.01) from the mean obtained with the      controls according to Student's "t" test                                 

Activity upon capillary resistance

The capillary resistance was studied in rats subjected to deficiency diet according to the method of Charlier R. et al; Arch. intern. Physiol. Biochem., 71, 1, 1963.

Table 12 shows that the bilberry anthocyanidines used experimentally in two doses by oral route increased the capillary resistance with time and in significant manner.

                                      TABLE 12                                     __________________________________________________________________________     Activity upon the capillary resistance of rats subjected to dietary            deficiency                                                                                  Time from treatment                                               TREATMENT    hours                                                             mg/kg/os     0     2      4      6                                             __________________________________________________________________________     70% anthocyanidines                                                                       36                                                                               15.5 ± 0.32                                                                       17.0 ± 0.32.sup.o                                                                  17.2 ± 0.14.sup.o                                                                  17.2 ± 0.14.sup.o                          from bilberry                                                                             72                                                                               15.5 ± 0.32                                                                       17.3 ± 0.41.sup.o                                                                  17.6 ± 0.41.sup.o                                                                  17.6 ± 0.41.sup.o                          __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.o Significantly different from the time 0 (p < 0.05) according to         Student's "t" test for nonindependent samples                            

                                      TABLE 13                                     __________________________________________________________________________     Effect upon hyperlipaemia induced by olive oil                                                   Number                                                                         of   NEFA*                                                   TREATMENT   Dose  Animals                                                                             μEq/l   Triglycerides                                __________________________________________________________________________     A Controls (NaCl 0.9%)                                                                     1 ml/hg                                                                              8    1056.5 ± 29.3                                                                          312.8 ± 33.6                              B Pelargonidine chloride                                                                   100 mg/kg                                                                            8    671.5 ± 27.4 (-36.4).sup.o                                                             140.4 ± 11.6 (-55.1).sup.o                C Peonidine 100 mg/kg                                                                            8    950.5 ± 22.9 (-10.0)                                                                   176.0 ± 21.3 (-43.8).sup.o                __________________________________________________________________________      *Non-esterified fatty acids.                                                   .sup.o Significantly different (p < 0.05) from the mean obtained from          group A according to Student's "t" test.                                       Note: In parentheses, the percentage difference from the controls.       

Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be prepared in accordance with the following formulations:

    ______________________________________                                         Freeze-dried injectable solution                                               3,4'-dihydroxyflavylium chloride                                                                           15     mg                                          Excipients (mannite, sodium chloride, sodium                                   ethylene diamino tetraacetate, thiourea) q.s. to                                                           125    mg                                          Solvent: double-distilled water (pyrogen-free)                                                             3      ml                                          Capsules                                                                       3-hydroxyflavylium chloride 50     mg                                          Excipients (mannite, citric acid, sodium chloride,                             thiourea, sodium ethylene diamino tetraacetate,                                lactose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate)                                 q.s. to                     200    mg                                          Capsules                                                                       3,4'-dihydroxyflavylium chloride                                                                           100    mg                                          Excipients (mannite, citric acid, sodium chloride,                             thiourea, sodium ethylene diamino tetraacetate,                                lactose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate)                                 q.s. to                     250    mg                                          Tablets                                                                        3,4'-dihydroxyflavylium chloride                                                                           25     mg                                          Excipients (maize starch, lactose, citric acid,                                magnesium stearate, thiourea, sugar, talc, gum                                 arabic, magnesium carbonate) q.s. to                                                                       200    mg                                          Freeze-dried injectable solution                                               3,7-dihydroxyflavylium chloride                                                                            25     mg                                          Excipients (mannite, sodium chloride, sodium ethylene                          diamino tetraacetate, thiourea) q.s. to                                                                    125    mg                                          Solvent: double-distilled water (pyrogen-free)                                                             3      ml                                          Ointment                                                                       3,5,7-trihydroxy-3'4'5'-trimethoxyflavylium chloride                                                       0.25   g                                           Excipients (cetyl alcohol, saturated vegetable trigly-                         cerides, esters of polyethylene glycol 2000 with fatty                         acids C.sub.12 -C.sub.14, Tween 80, para-oxy benzoates, sorbitol,              carboxy vinyl polymer, sodium sulphite,                                        triethanolamine, lecithin, purified water,                                     lactic acid) q.s. to        100    g                                           Dentifrice gel                                                                 3,5,7-trihydroxy-3'4'5'-trimethoxyflavylium chloride                                                       0.125  g                                           Excipients (carboxyvinyl polymer, sorbitol, propylene                          glycol, sodium sulphite, ethyl alcohol, para-oxy ben-                          zoates, sodium lauryl sulphate) q.s. to                                                                    100    g                                           Capsules                                                                       Elder anthocyanidines (containing 20% cyanidine)                                                           125    mg                                          Excipients (mannite, citric acid, sodium chloride,                             thiourea, sodium ethylene diamino tetraacetate,                                lactose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate) q.s. to                                                     250    mg                                          Freeze-dried injectable solution                                               Cyanidine                   15     mg                                          Excipients (mannite, sodium chloride, sodium ethylene                          diamino tetraacetate, thiourea) q.s. to                                                                    125    mg                                          Solvent: double-distilled water (pyrogen-free)                                                             3      ml                                          Freeze-dried injectable solution                                               Bilberry anthocyanidines (50% by weight)                                                                   25     mg                                          Excipients (mannite, sodium chloride, sodium ethylene                          diamino tetraacetate, thiourea) q.s to                                                                     125    mg                                          Solvent: double-distilled water (pyrogen-free)                                                             3      ml                                          Capsules                                                                       Grape anthocyanidines (25% by weight)                                                                      100    mg                                          Excipients (mannite, citric acid, sodium chloride,                             thiourea, sodium ethylene diamino tetraacetate, lactose,                       methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate) q.s. to                                                              200    mg                                          Tablets                                                                        Grape anthocyanidines (60% by weight)                                                                      35     mg                                          Excipients (maize starch, lactose, citric acid, magne-                         sium stearate, thiourea, sugar, talc, gum arabic, ma-                          gnesium carbonate) q.s. to  200 mg                                             Ointment                                                                       Bilberry anthocyanidines (50% by weight)                                                                   0.5    g                                           Excipients (cetyl alcohol, saturated vegetable trigly-                         cerides, esters of polyethylene glycol 2000 with fatty                         acids C.sub.12 -C.sub.14, Tween 80, para-oxy benzoates,                        sorbitol, carboxy vinyl polymer, sodium sulphite,                              triethanolamine, lecithin, purified water,                                     lactic acid) q.s. to        100    g                                           Ointment                                                                       Elder anthocyanidines (containing 20% cyanidine)                                                           1      g                                           Excipients (cetyl alcohol, saturated vegetable trigly-                         cerides, esters of polyethylene glycol 2000 with fatty                         acids C.sub.12 -C.sub.14, Tween 80, para-oxybenzoates,                         sorbitol, carboxyvinyl polymer, sodium sulphite,                               triethanolamine, lecithin, purified water,                                     lactic acid) q.s. to        100    g                                           Dentifrice gel                                                                 Bilberry anthocyanidines (35% by weight)                                                                   0.5    g                                           Excipients (carboxyvinyl polymer, sorbitol, propylene                          glycol, sodium sulphite, ethyl alcohol, para-oxy ben-                          zoates, sodium lauryl sulphate) q.s. to                                                                    100    g                                           Dentifrice paste                                                               Grape anthocyanidines (60% by weight)                                                                      0.5    g                                           Excipients (citric acid, sodium bisulphite, sorbitol,                          ammonium glycyrrhizinate, maize starch, glycerin,                              paraoxy benzoates, titanium dioxide, calcium                                   phosphate, sodium lauryl sulphate, flavourings,                                purified water) q.s. to     100    g                                           ______________________________________                                     

We claim:
 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising,as active ingredient, a cicatrizing, epithelium-regenerating, anti-inflammatory, vaso-protective, hypolipemic, hypocholesterolemic or hypoglycemic response elliciting quantity of a flavylium salt of the structure

    A.sup.+ --B X.sup.-

containing at least one hydroxy or methoxy substituent and wherein A⁺ is selected from the group consisting of ##STR15## B is selected from the group consisting of ##STR16## and X⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier, with the proviso that where the composition consists of a solution of said flavylium salt, said solution also contains at least one pharmaceutically acceptable additive selected from the group consisting of preservatives and buffering, thickening, suspending, stabilizing, wetting, emulsifying, coloring and flavoring agents.
 2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising,as active ingredient, a cicatrizing, epithelium-regenerating, anti-inflammatory, vaso-protective, hypolipemic, hypocholesterolemic or hypoglycemic response elliciting quantity of a flavylium salt of the structure

    A.sup.+ --B X.sup.-

containing at least one hydroxy or methoxy substituent and wherein A⁺ is selected from the group consisting of ##STR17## B is selected from the group consisting of ##STR18## and X⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier selected from the group consisting of carboxy vinyl polymers, propylene glycol, cetyl alcohol, saturated vegetable triglycerides, fatty acid esters, triethanol amine, glycerol, starch, sorbitol, bentonite, carboxymethyl cellulose, lauryl sulfate, dicalcium phosphate, powdered silica, and lecithin.
 3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising,as active ingredient, a cicatrizing, epithelium-regenerating, anti-inflammatory, vaso-protective, hypolipemic, hypocholesterolemic or hypoglycemic response elliciting quantity of a flavylium salt of the structure

    A.sup.+ --B X.sup.-

containing at least one hydroxy or methoxy substituent and wherein A⁺ is selected from the group consisting of ##STR19## B is selected from the group consisting of ##STR20## and X⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion, and a combination of at least two different pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or carriers.
 4. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 in which the flavylium salt is selected from the group consisting of cyanidine, peonidine, delphinidine, petunidine, malvidine and pelargonidine.
 5. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 in which the active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of 4'-hydroxyflavylium, 3,7-dihydroxyflavylium, 3-hydroxyflavylium, 3,4'-dihydroxyflavylium, 3,5,7-trihydroxy-3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavylium, 3,7,4'-trihydroxyflavylium, 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavylium, 3,4-dihydroxyflavylium and 5,7-dihydroxyflavylium salts.
 6. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 wherein X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of chloride, sulphate, phosphate, acetate and hydroxyl ions.
 7. A composition according to claim 1 and further containing a preservative or a buffering, thickening, suspending, stabilizing, wetting, emulsifying, colouring or flavoring agent.
 8. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said diluent or carrier is selected from the group consisting of carboxy vinyl polymers, propylene, glycol, ethyl alcohol, water, cetyl alcohol, saturated vegetable triglycerides, fatty acid esters, triethanolamine, glycerol, starch, sorbitol, bentonite, carboxymethyl cellulose, laurylsulphate, dicalcium phosphate, powdered silica and lecithin.
 9. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said diluent or carrier comprises a combination of at least two different diluents or carriers.
 10. A composition according to claim 1 containing more than one of said flavylium salts.
 11. A composition according to claim 1 in a form suitable for parenteral, oral or topical administration.
 12. A composition according to claim 1 in the form of a suppository.
 13. A composition according to claim 11 in the form of a dentifrice.
 14. A composition according to claim 1 in the form of a shaped dosage unit.
 15. A composition according to claim 1 containing at least 0.2 wt % of said flavylium salt.
 16. A composition according to claim 1 containing from 1 to 50 wt % of said flavylium salt.
 17. A composition according to claim 15 containing at least 5 wt % of said flavylium salt.
 18. A method of elliciting a hypolipaemic, hypocholesterolaemic or hypoglycaemic response in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject an effective dose of a flavylium salt as defined in claim
 1. 19. A method according to claim 18 in which the flavylium salt is administered in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier, in the form of a composition.
 20. A method according to claim 18 in which the flavylium salt is administered as a treatment of disorders caused by impairment of lipidic or glycidic metabolism.
 21. A method according to claim 18 in which said effective dose is from 1 to 100 mg/kg per day of said flavylium salt.
 22. A method according to claim 21 in which said effective daily dose is from 5 to 50 mg/kg per day of said flavylium salt. 